## What is Oxygen Toxicity in Scuba Diving?
Oxygen toxicity is a condition that can occur when a diver breathes oxygen at a partial pressure that is too high for the duration of the dive. This can lead to a range of symptoms, including:
Central nervous system effects: These can include convulsions, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting.
Pulmonary effects: These can include coughing, shortness of breath, and fluid in the lungs.
Ocular effects: These can include blurred vision, double vision, and pain in the eyes.
Oxygen toxicity is a serious condition that can lead to death. It is important for divers to be aware of the risks of oxygen toxicity and to take steps to avoid it.
### Causes of Oxygen Toxicity
Oxygen toxicity is caused by breathing oxygen at a partial pressure that is too high for the duration of the dive. The partial pressure of oxygen is measured in atmospheres (atm). The higher the partial pressure of oxygen, the greater the risk of oxygen toxicity.
The maximum partial pressure of oxygen that is safe for diving is 1.6 atm. This is the partial pressure of oxygen at sea level. However, divers who breathe oxygen at a partial pressure of 1.6 atm for prolonged periods of time may still experience oxygen toxicity.
The risk of oxygen toxicity is increased by:
Diving at depths greater than 30 feet: The partial pressure of oxygen increases with depth.
Diving for long periods of time: The longer a diver breathes oxygen at a high partial pressure, the greater the risk of oxygen toxicity.
Breathing pure oxygen: Pure oxygen has a partial pressure of 1.0 atm. Breathing pure oxygen at depths greater than 20 feet can lead to oxygen toxicity.
Having a history of oxygen toxicity: Divers who have experienced oxygen toxicity in the past are at an increased risk of experiencing it again.
### Symptoms of Oxygen Toxicity
The symptoms of oxygen toxicity can vary depending on the severity of the condition. Mild symptoms may include:
Central nervous system effects: These can include dizziness, nausea, and vomiting.
Pulmonary effects: These can include coughing and shortness of breath.
Ocular effects: These can include blurred vision and pain in the eyes.
Severe symptoms of oxygen toxicity can include:
Convulsions: These are uncontrolled muscle movements that can lead to loss of consciousness.
Fluid in the lungs: This can cause shortness of breath and respiratory distress.
Death: Oxygen toxicity can be fatal if it is not treated promptly.
### Treatment of Oxygen Toxicity
The treatment for oxygen toxicity is to reduce the partial pressure of oxygen that the diver is breathing. This can be done by:
Ascending to a shallower depth: The partial pressure of oxygen decreases with depth.
Switching to a breathing gas with a lower partial pressure of oxygen: This could be air, nitrox, or trimix.
Administering oxygen at a lower partial pressure: This can be done using a rebreather or an oxygen regulator that is set to a lower pressure.
In severe cases of oxygen toxicity, the diver may need to be given mechanical ventilation.
### Prevention of Oxygen Toxicity
The best way to prevent oxygen toxicity is to avoid breathing oxygen at a partial pressure that is too high for the duration of the dive. Divers should:
Plan their dives carefully: Divers should consider the depth of the dive, the duration of the dive, and the breathing gas that they will be using.
Use a dive computer: A dive computer can help divers to monitor the partial pressure of oxygen that they are breathing.
Ascend gradually: Divers should ascend gradually to avoid rapid changes in the partial pressure of oxygen.
Get proper training: Divers should receive proper training on oxygen toxicity before diving with oxygen.
Oxygen toxicity is a serious condition that can lead to death. By following these precautions, divers can help to reduce the risk of oxygen toxicity and ensure a safe and enjoyable dive.